Adipotide (FTPP | Prohibitin-Targeting Peptide 1)

Synthetic Chimeric Proapoptotic Peptidomimetic | Preclinical Research Reference | White Adipose Vascular Biology Tool

CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂ | CAS 859216-15-2 | PubChem CID 163360068 | RUO Storage −20°C | ≥98–99% Purity HPLC | 1 mg–10 mg Research Format Compatible

FOR SCIENTIFIC AND PRECLINICAL RESEARCH REFERENCE EXCLUSIVELY. Not a drug or approved therapeutic. Not intended for administration to living organisms. For qualified researchers and licensed professionals in controlled laboratory settings only.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

PRODUCT OVERVIEW

A research-use-only (RUO) supply of Adipotide is a non-therapeutic, non-sterile research reagent designed for use in controlled preclinical laboratory environments — in vitro cell assay systems and IACUC-approved animal model studies investigating white adipose tissue vascular biology, PHB/ANXA2 receptor characterization, proapoptotic peptidomimetic mechanism analysis, and metabolic syndrome modeling in mammalian research subjects. These reagents exist entirely outside any clinical or therapeutic application framework; they are scientific tools, not medicines. From a regulatory and search-quality perspective, Adipotide RUO supply is best understood as a research-grade experimental compound that supports mechanistic investigation of adipose vascular biology without constituting a clinically approved or legally compoundable pharmaceutical.

The primary sequence is CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂, where the N-terminal CKGGRAKDC segment is the PHB/ANXA2-binding WAT endothelium homing domain, the central GG dipeptide serves as a flexible spacer, and the C-terminal D(KLAKLAK)₂ segment — incorporating D-amino acids throughout — constitutes the mitochondria-disrupting proapoptotic effector. Container selection is relevant for RUO peptide use: research by Bhatt et al. (Int. J. of Peptides 2012; PMC3290000) documents that hydrophobic peptide adsorption profiles differ between borosilicate glass and polypropylene containers, supporting use of polypropylene or siliconized vials for some peptide classes. All storage requirements for Adipotide as an RUO reagent remain governed exclusively by the supplier’s Certificate of Analysis.

In the 2026 U.S. research and preclinical sciences ecosystem — where the global peptide therapeutics market reached $163.98 billion and North America accounts for 61.99% of market share — the demand for rigorously framed, citation-backed reference resources on experimental peptides has increased substantially. The Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) is scheduled to evaluate a subset of peptides at its July 23–24, 2026 meeting (FDA Docket No. FDA-2025-N-6895), though Adipotide is not among the substances under consideration. Profound Aminos references Adipotide exclusively within a scientific education framework — not as a therapeutic, compoundable, or consumer-accessible substance.

FOR RESEARCH AND PRECLINICAL SCIENCE REFERENCE ONLY. Not a drug, device, or combination product. Not intended for administration to living organisms. For laboratory and preclinical research context exclusively.

MATERIAL IDENTITY — PUBCHEM COMPOUND SUMMARY | CAS 859216-15-2

Adipotide Research Reference — Primary Sequence: CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂ — CAS 859216-15-2 — Molecular Formula C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂ (free base)

PubChem Compound Reference: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/163360068 (CID 163360068) | Acetate salt reference: CAS 859216-15-2

Adipotide (FTPP) — CAS 859216-15-2 — is a synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic with the sequence CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂, produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using Fmoc chemistry with incorporation of D-amino acids in the proapoptotic effector domain. It belongs to the chimeric peptidomimetic class: a dual-functional construct combining a selective receptor-binding homing sequence with a cytotoxic effector payload, exploiting the selective expression of the PHB/ANXA2 receptor complex on the luminal surface of white adipose tissue endothelium. The free-base molecular formula is C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂, molecular weight approximately 2,557 Da. The acetate salt — the commercial RUO supply form carrying CAS 859216-15-2 — has formula C₁₁₃H₂₁₀N₃₆O₃₀S₂ and MW approximately 2,617 g/mol.

MATERIAL IDENTITY — PUBCHEM / CAS / SEQUENCE REFERENCE TABLE

USE APPLICATIONS — 2026 PRECLINICAL RESEARCH CONTEXT

In the 2026 U.S. research, compounding, and preclinical sciences ecosystem, Adipotide (FTPP) is referenced as a laboratory tool compound for the following controlled research applications:

1. White Adipose Tissue Vascular Endothelium Biology — In Vitro Receptor Binding Studies
   In vitro cell assay systems using Adipotide as a tool compound to characterize PHB/ANXA2 receptor complex expression, distribution, and endocytosis mechanisms in white adipose tissue vascular endothelial cell lines. The CKGGRAKDC domain provides a validated molecular probe for receptor-mediated endocytosis studies on PHB-expressing endothelial populations, as established in phage-display library work by Kolonin et al. Researchers investigating prohibitin’s role in WAT vascular biology, fatty acid transport, and lipid raft organization use Adipotide as a structurally defined, sequence-verified competitive probe for these mechanistic studies. Reference to USP <659> container compatibility principles applies to RUO vial selection for these preparations.
   >Reference: Kolonin MG et al., Nat Med. 2004;10(6):625–632. Salameh A et al., JCI Insight. 2016;1(12):e86351.
2. Adipose-Vasculature Apoptosis Modeling — IACUC-Approved Rodent Research
   In IACUC-approved rodent research models, Adipotide has been used as a mechanistic tool to study the biological consequences of WAT vascular regression specifically to determine how progressive endothelial apoptosis in adipose depots affects adipocyte viability, metabolic homeostasis, and systemic insulin sensitivity markers in controlled settings. These studies provide data on the interplay between adipose vasculature, adipocyte survival, and metabolic biomarkers that cannot be obtained through genetic or dietary manipulation alone. Daily subcutaneous administration protocols in DIO mouse models produced approximately 30% body-mass reduction over 28 days in preclinical experiments. Institutional biosafety review and IACUC protocol approval are required for all in vivo applications.
   >Reference: Kim DH et al., Diabetes. 2006. Barnhart KF et al., Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(108):108ra112.
3. PHB/ANXA2 Receptor Complex Biology — Fatty Acid Transport Research
   Adipotide’s CKGGRAKDC homing domain serves as a validated molecular research tool for studies investigating the PHB/ANXA2 receptor complex’s role in fatty acid transport across the WAT endothelial barrier. JCI Insight research (Salameh et al., 2016) established that ANX2/PHB complex integrity is required for efficient fatty acid transport from WAT endothelium into adipocytes — and that mice lacking ANX2 show WAT hypotrophy due to reduced fatty acid uptake. Adipotide’s CKGGRAKDC domain provides a competitive binding probe for this receptor system, enabling receptor-knockdown comparison experiments, endocytosis tracking studies, and co-localization analyses in primary adipose cell culture systems.
   >Reference: Salameh A et al., JCI Insight. 2016;1(12):e86351. PMC4959783. Kolonin MG, NIH Grant R01-DK088131.
4. Metabolic Syndrome Mechanistic Research — Rodent and Non-Human Primate Reference Data
   Established preclinical data position Adipotide as a reference compound for studying the relationship between WAT vascular integrity and metabolic syndrome markers — particularly insulin resistance indices, serum triglycerides, and adipokine profiles — in diet-induced obese research models. The approximately 30% body-mass reduction in DIO mice and approximately 11% reduction in obese rhesus macaques (n=10), with associated metabolic biomarker improvements, provide characterized reference datasets for comparison with next-generation PHB-targeting compounds. These are the foundational published datasets that contextualize new preclinical work in this mechanism class. Lean control animals in these studies did not show equivalent WAT changes, confirming PHB/ANXA2-selectivity.
   >Reference: Barnhart KF et al., Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(108):108ra112. Kim DH et al., Diabetes. 2006.
5. Next-Generation PHB-Targeting Peptidomimetic Design — Reference Structure for PTP-r Research
   Adipotide’s CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂ architecture serves as the structural reference template from which next-generation prohibitin-targeting compounds — including PTP-r (D-arginine-substituted, JACS 2025, University of Queensland) and prohibitin-binding-peptide nanoparticle constructs (Hong and Kim, Adv Sci 2022) — were engineered. Research groups developing improved PHB-targeting peptides with enhanced proteolytic stability, improved mitochondrial localization, or alternative effector mechanisms (mitochondrial uncoupling vs. cytochrome c release) use Adipotide as the characterized parent structure for comparative mechanistic and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies.
   >Reference: Weger BD et al., J Am Chem Soc. 2025;147(28):24628–24642. Hong J, Kim YH, Adv Sci. 2022;9(33):2203286.
6. Translational Nephrotoxicity Safety-Biology Research
   Adipotide’s Phase I clinical history — dose-limiting renal proximal tubule injury in humans, with a precursor signal in non-human primates — provides an important experimental reference for researchers studying peptide-induced nephrotoxicity mechanisms in renal proximal tubule cell systems. As a characterized nephrotoxic probe, Adipotide is referenced in safety pharmacology research contexts examining PHB expression in renal tubular cells, potential off-target binding in kidney tissue, and the relationship between WAT-targeting peptide exposure and renal injury biomarkers. This application requires institutional biosafety and IACUC/IBC review, and all work must be performed in licensed laboratory settings with appropriate nephrotoxicity monitoring protocols.
   >Reference: Barnhart KF et al., Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(108):108ra112. Superpower.com Adipotide Research Guide, April 2026.

WHY SOURCE FROM PROFOUND AMINOS

1. Sequence and CAS/PubChem-Anchored Chemical Identity Transparency
   Profound Aminos identifies all featured research compounds by full sequence, CAS number, and PubChem CID: Adipotide full sequence CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂; CAS 859216-15-2 (acetate salt); PubChem CID 163360068. This chemical identity transparency enables researchers, pharmacists, and compliance professionals to cross-reference supplier Certificates of Analysis, verify sequence integrity, and confirm material identity against authoritative registry databases before experimental use. Generic content without sequence verification and CAS anchoring leaves research provenance documentation incomplete and YMYL compliance exposure unaddressed.
2. PubChem-Verified Structural Reference Integration
   Every Profound Aminos compound profile references PubChem structural data: 2D diagrams, SMILES strings, InChIKeys, and molecular property tables available at the CID record are linked directly for editorial and research verification. This PubChem anchoring provides a defensible chemical identity reference for both research documentation and content publishing — critical for YMYL compliance in the 2026 Google search environment where unverified health-adjacent claims are subject to elevated algorithmic scrutiny under the E-E-A-T quality framework.
3. FDA/FTC Regulatory Compliance Framing — RUO Framework Positioning
   Profound Aminos maintains strict content discipline separating research compound descriptions from therapeutic, clinical, or self-administration language. Under the FDA Objective Intent Doctrine (21 CFR 201.128), the totality of a vendor’s marketing presentation determines whether research compound supply is considered part of an unapproved drug distribution system. The May 18, 2026 FDA Warning Letter to GSC Products LLC (CDER Warning Letter 729653) confirms that product claims — not just product type — determine enforcement exposure. Profound Aminos’ content strategy keeps all Adipotide positioning within scientific education and laboratory research infrastructure.
4. Peer-Reviewed Citation Backbone — YMYL E-E-A-T Architecture
   All mechanistic, efficacy, and regulatory claims in Profound Aminos Adipotide content are anchored to primary peer-reviewed literature: Kolonin et al. (Nat Med 2004), Barnhart et al. (Sci Transl Med 2011), Salameh et al. (JCI Insight 2016), Weger et al. (JACS 2025), and verified FDA/USP regulatory sources. This citation architecture satisfies Google’s 2026 E-E-A-T requirements for YMYL health-adjacent content, supporting rankings and AI Overview citation eligibility for research-facing platforms in the U.S. peptide science content space.

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH REFERENCE — 2026 PROHIBITIN-TARGETING PEPTIDE LANDSCAPE

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q1: What is Adipotide and what are its PubChem identifiers?

Adipotide also designated FTPP prohibitin-TP01, or TP01 — is a synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic constructed to selectively target and induce programmed cell death in endothelial cells of the white adipose tissue vasculature in mammalian research models. Its full sequence is CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂. PubChem lists Adipotide under CID 163360068 (primary record) with empirical formula C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂ and molecular weight approximately 2,557 Da for the free-base form. The acetate salt — the commercial RUO supply form — carries CAS 859216-15-2 and MW ≈2,617 g/mol. SMILES and InChIKey data are available at the PubChem record: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/163360068.

Q2: What is Adipotide’s mechanism of action in white adipose tissue research models?

Adipotide’s N-terminal CKGGRAKDC domain binds the prohibitin (PHB) / annexin A2 (ANXA2) receptor complex expressed on the surface of endothelial cells in the vasculature of white adipose tissue. Upon binding, the peptide undergoes PHB-mediated receptor endocytosis into the targeted endothelial cell. Once internalized, the C-terminal D(KLAKLAK)₂ domain forms a cationic amphipathic helix that associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane, disrupts its integrity, triggers cytochrome c release, and activates caspase-mediated apoptosis.

Endothelial cell death causes vascular regression in WAT depots, producing localized ischemia and secondary adipocyte atrophy in preclinical models. PHB/ANXA2 expression in non-WAT vascular beds is substantially lower, providing the relative tissue specificity observed in preclinical studies. Reference: Kolonin MG et al., Nat Med 2004; Salameh A et al., JCI Insight 2016.

Q3: Why was Adipotide clinical development discontinued?

Adipotide’s Phase I clinical trial — initiated in 2012 at MD Anderson Cancer Center for obese men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer — was terminated in January 2019 at the principal investigator’s request after enrolling only four participants. Published analyses identify dose-limiting nephrotoxicity (renal proximal tubule injury) as the primary reason for discontinuation. Renal safety signals — dose-dependent polyuria and mild dehydration — had been observed in the preceding non-human primate study (Barnhart et al., Sci Transl Med 2011), and these effects escalated to a prohibitive risk-benefit profile at human-relevant doses. No human efficacy data from the trial have been published as of June 2026, and no subsequent trials have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.

Q4: What is Adipotide’s regulatory status in the USA in 2026?

As of June 2026, Adipotide is not FDA-approved for any indication. It has no IND, NDA, or BLA filing with the FDA. It is not listed on the 503A Bulks List (Category 1) and was not among the 12 peptides removed from Category 2 on April 23, 2026. There is no legal compounding pathway for Adipotide in the United States under 503A or 503B frameworks.

Products labeled as Adipotide or FTPP sold through online vendors exist outside any FDA-recognized regulatory framework. The Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) meeting scheduled for July 23–24, 2026 (FDA Docket No. FDA-2025-N-6895) addresses a different set of peptides. Adipotide is legally available in the United States only as a research-use-only (RUO) reagent for controlled laboratory use by qualified researchers.

Q5: What preclinical evidence exists for Adipotide in research models?

In diet-induced obese (DIO) murine models, daily administration over approximately 28–30 days produced approximately 30% body-mass reduction relative to controls, with histological confirmation of WAT atrophy, reduced adipocyte size, and improvements in serum leptin, insulin sensitivity indices, and triglyceride concentrations. Lean control animals did not show equivalent WAT changes, consistent with the PHB/ANXA2-selective mechanism. In spontaneously obese rhesus macaques (n=10, Barnhart et al., Sci Transl Med 2011), 28-day subcutaneous administration produced approximately 10.6% body-mass reduction, approximately 39% fat-mass decline by MRI, and improvements in insulin resistance markers. Dose-dependent renal proximal tubule changes were observed in the primate cohort, directly foreshadowing the clinical nephrotoxicity.

Q6: What next-generation prohibitin-targeting peptides have emerged from Adipotide research?

The most significant advance in PHB-targeting peptide science since Adipotide was reported in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (2025, 147:24628–24642, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c05536) by the Craik, Chan, and Gachon groups at the University of Queensland: PTP-r, a D-arginine-substituted prohibitin-TP01 variant. PTP-r incorporates D-arginine residues into the KLAK effector domain, enhancing proteolytic stability and shifting the mechanism from apoptotic membrane rupture toward mitochondrial uncoupling — producing significant body-mass reduction in DIO mice with a favorable preclinical safety profile. Additionally, Hong and Kim (Adv Sci 2022) described prohibitin-binding-peptide nanoparticles (PBP-NPs) for WAT-targeted HO-1 induction promoting WAT-to-BAT phenotypic switching. Both PTP-r and PBP-NPs are entirely preclinical with no IND filing or approved status as of June 2026.

Q7: How does Adipotide compare to GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide as a preclinical research tool for adipose biology?

Adipotide and semaglutide serve different research purposes. Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that reduces food intake and body weight through systemic metabolic pathways. Adipotide directly targets white adipose tissue (WAT) blood vessels via the PHB/ANXA2 receptor complex, causing adipose vascular regression and fat-mass reduction independent of appetite or caloric restriction. While semaglutide is an FDA-approved medication, Adipotide remains a research-use-only (RUO) compound valuable for studying WAT vascular biology and adipose tissue remodeling.

Q8: What are the storage and handling requirements for RUO Adipotide?

RUO Adipotide is supplied as a lyophilized white to off-white powder with ≥98–99% purity (HPLC/MS-verified). Standard supplier storage specifications: −20°C, desiccated, protected from light. Polypropylene or siliconized glass vials are recommended for reconstituted solutions to minimize hydrophobic peptide adsorption to container walls (reference: Bhatt et al., Int. J. of Peptides 2012; PMC3290000). Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided; aliquoting before initial use is standard practice. For in vivo animal model use, sterile filtration of reconstituted preparations is required per institutional protocol. All specific handling requirements remain governed exclusively by the supplier’s Certificate of Analysis and institutional SOPs. Any reconstituted preparation must remain within a licensed, IACUC-approved laboratory setting.

REGULATORY & COMPLIANCE STATEMENT

Do not use language implying this research reagent validates, sterilizes, confirms, or supports any human therapeutic application. Any therapeutic or clinical outcome claim applied to Adipotide constitutes misbranding under FD&C Act section 502.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

KEY REFERENCES — PUBCHEM / PUBMED / JACS / FDA / GOOGLE VERIFIED

Adipotide (FTPP | Prohibitin-Targeting Peptide 1) is a research-use-only synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic. This document is not a product listing for therapeutic use. No administration guidance is implied or recommended.